Note on answers. These are language exercises: in many items more than one connector works, and Zemach’s own instructions say so. Answers below give the expected choice with common alternatives in blue. Accept any answer that is grammatically correct, correctly punctuated, and gives the right logical relationship.

§ 1  Connectors Zemach, pp. 58–60 (B1/B2)

Exercise 9 — Classify the connectors

FunctionConnectors
To show a sequence of eventsfinally, next
To add more informationfurthermore, in addition, moreover
To show a comparisonlikewise, similarly
To show a contrastalthough, however, nevertheless, on the other hand
To signal a conclusionin conclusion, in summary, therefore, thus
Teacher notes. although is a subordinator but functions as a contrast signal — accept it under contrast. therefore and thus show cause/result; Zemach files them under “conclusion” here, but accept them as result connectors too if a student explains the reasoning.

Exercise 11 — Complete the passages

Each blank needs a connector of the right logical type; the expected answers are the cleanest fit.

  1. Contrast → However (Nevertheless / On the other hand)
  2. Addition → In addition (Furthermore / Moreover)
  3. Contrast → Nevertheless (However / Still)
  4. Sequence, then result → first blank Then (Next / Later); second blank Finally (In the end / Eventually)
  5. Result/contrast → Therefore (As a result; or contrast reading: However)

Exercise 12 — Join the sentences (watch the punctuation)

The given connector fixes the logical link; what is being marked is the punctuation pattern. More than one correct version is possible — these are model answers.

  1. moreover (sentence connector → semicolon + comma, or full stop + comma):
    Millions of songs are illegally downloaded each year; moreover, movies are also being pirated.
  2. although (subordinator → comma if it opens the sentence):
    Although most countries consider pirating music to be a crime, it is very difficult to catch the criminals.
  3. yet (coordinating conjunction → comma before it):
    Services such as iTunes offer single songs very cheaply, yet many people would still rather get their music for free.
  4. likewise (sentence connector → semicolon + comma):
    Some people say that teens who download music should pay the fines; likewise, teens who shoplift face legal consequences.
  5. furthermore (sentence connector → semicolon + comma):
    It’s difficult for record companies to monitor individual computers; furthermore, some people hide their IP addresses through complicated routers.
  6. or (coordinating conjunction → comma before it):
    You should pay for your music, or you should listen to it on the radio.

§ 2  Cohesion and linking Swales & Feak, pp. 37–42 (C1/C2)

Task Eighteen — Add the punctuation

Added punctuation is shown in red. Sentence boundaries (full stops) are the priority; the commas after introductory subordinate clauses and connectors are the finer points.

Although most major companies provide their employees with email accounts as well as internet access, many of these companies are concerned about potential abuse and monitor their employees’ use of these media. In fact, more than 75% of all major corporations report that they monitor their employees’ use of email and internet access, either by spot-checking or constant surveillance. Businesses have many reasons for monitoring email and internet use. For example, they may be concerned about protecting sensitive company information. In addition, they may be worried about lawsuits arising from sexual harassment because of mass mailing of offensive jokes. They may also want to identify employees who are surfing the internet rather than working. In other words, they are concerned about cyberslacking.
Teacher notes. The essential edits are the full stops that separate the run-on sentences (after “media”, “surveillance”, “use”, “information”, “jokes”, “working”). A semicolon is acceptable in place of a full stop where two independent clauses are closely linked. The commas after Although…access, In fact, For example, In addition and In other words are expected at C1; the comma before either by spot-checking is optional.

Task Nineteen — Supply the linking words

Students do one passage. Several connectors fit each blank; the expected answer reflects the punctuation already in the passage, with alternatives in blue.

Passage A — Organizational Citizenship Behaviour

  1. Illustration / addition (new sentence after a full stop) → For example (For instance)
  2. Concession, opening a clause (no connector punctuation before it, clause-initial) → Although (While / Even though)
  3. Adversative after a semicolon → however (nevertheless)

Passage B — Shape Memory Alloys

  1. Contrast after a semicolon → however (in contrast)
  2. Result, non-finite (after the comma, “… structure, ___ causing it…”) → thus (thereby / so)
  3. Concession, clause-initial (“___ many alloys are known to remember…”) → Although (While / Even though)
  4. Illustration, new sentence → For example (For instance)
Why the linking words matter (the follow-up discussion). The old-to-new information flow keeps sentences connected at the level of topic, but it does not signal the logical relationship — concession, result, contrast — between them. Without although, however or thus, the reader has to infer whether each new sentence supports, qualifies, or contradicts the last. The connector makes that relationship explicit, which is exactly what a strong academic argument needs.